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Glossary of Electronics Terminology

Technical language barriers are quite commonplace today, and most of us have been confronted with at least a few elements of such a barrier from time to time. Advances in technology, and the introduction of new or unfamiliar product areas, all require an expansion of our technical vocabulary if we are to communicate effectively. Hopefully, this edition of the Glossary will serve as a valuable reference for improved communications.

 
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ICT: An electrical test of a PCB assembly in which each component is tested individually, even though many components are soldered to the PCB.

ILB Window: The opening in TAB tape where the innermost extremities of the lead are bonded to the IC.

In-Circuit Test: (see ICT)

Inert Atmosphere: A gaseous atmosphere that is not conducive to chemical reactions, such as helium or nitrogen.

InfraRed (or IR) Reflow: A technique in which long wavelength light serves as the heat source to reflow solder and form solder joints.

Innovation: Innovation is the whole process from: invention, development, pilot production, marketing, production. Invention is just invention (.Innovation = creative idea + implementation.)

IR Shadowing: When connector bodies or other components prevent the infrared energy from directly striking some solder joints, causing non-uniform heating.

Injection Molded Boards: Printed circuit boards made by molding filler-reinforced resins into a desired shape. Routing and through hole metallizations are performed by seeding and plating, or by printing. An alternative approach is to transfer mold the interconnect directly onto the injection molded cards.

Inner Lead Bonding (ILB): The process of attaching the IC to a TAB tape site.

Inner Lead: The innermost portion of the lead on a TAB tape site that extends into the ILB window.

Inner Ring: A strip of polyimide between the inner and outer lead bonding areas on a TAB tape site. This strip typically encircles the entire IC. It is a common feature in many TAB tape designs, but is not found in all cases.

Inorganic Flux: An aqueous flux solution of inorganic acids and halides.

Insulators: A class of materials that do not conduct electricity and are characterized by high resistivity.

Integrated Circuit: A microcircuit that consists of interconnected elements inseparably associated and formed in-situ on or within a single substrate, usually silicon, to perform an electronic circuit function.

Interconnect: The conductive path required to achieve connection from one circuit element to another.

Interconnection: The conductive path required to achieve a connection from a circuit element to the remainder of the circuit.

Interleaver: A polyester film used to protect and separate TAB tape layers. It is used whenever TAB tape or TAB components are handled in a continuous tape format.

Intermetallic: Chemical compounds formed between the metals present in the solder, base metal and protective platings. Intermetallic formation is necessary for good solder joints, but excessive intermetallics can cause brittleness.

Isotropic Conductive Adhesive: Isotropic adhesives conduct electricity in all directions. This means the adhesive can be dispensed only on those areas (pads) where a circuit path is required (i.e., where bumps will attach).

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JIT: Minimization of inventory by supplying material and components to the production line directly before placement into the product.

Just-In-Time: (see JIT)

J-Lead: A lead configuration usually used on plastic chip carrier packages. J-leads are bent underneath the body of the package, with a side view resembling the shape of the letter "J."

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Keeper Bar: A nonconductive polyimide strip located at the end of the leads to be bonded. Its purpose is to maintain lead integrity from the time the component is excised until it is bonded in place. Keeper bars are typically formed during the excising process, and are mainly found on extremely fine pitch components.

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Laminate: A stack of prepregs with copper foils on either surface after lamination during PCB fabrication.

Lamination: A heat and pressure cycle used to consolidate a stack of prepregs into a solid block. The term also refers to the consolidation of a stack of laminates (with circuitry) to form a PCB. Lamination is referred to as the C-stage in PCB fabrication.

Land Pattern: The complete configuration of the lands to which a surface mount component is attached. Also called a footprint or a pad.

Land: A metallized conductor on a PCB that is designed to accept a surface mount component lead.

Laser Soldering: A method of soldering in which the heat required to reflow a solder interconnection is provided by a laser (YAG or CO2). In this process, the solder joints are heated sequentially and cooled rapidly.

Laser: An acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation."

Leaching: The movement of metal atoms from the lead base metal into liquid solder. This is prevented by nickel plating. May also refer to alloying of a gold protective plating into the solder.

Lead (Pb): A soft heavy gray metal used in solder and other alloys.

Lead Configuration: The conductors extending from a device, which function as both mechanical and electrical connection points.

Lead Coplanarity: The position of all of the component leads with respect to one another using a reference plane defined by the three lowest leads of a component.

Lead Forming: After excising, forming the lead into a specific shape or profile required for placement and bonding. The typical lead form profile is a gull-wing shape.

Lead Frame: A sheet metal framework etched to form an array of metal traces (leads). An IC is attached to the lead frame at the innermost portion of the leads, and the outermost portion of the leads is attached to the next level of the assembly. However, lead frames are the basis for molded carrier ring (MCR) and plastic quad flatpack (PQFP) components, while TAB frames are the basis for TAB components.

Lead Pitch: The sum of the lead width and lead spacing. Typically stated as the distance between the center of one lead to the center of an adjacent lead.

Lead Plating: The metal coating on a component lead. Common lead plating materials are pure tin (Sn), pure gold (Au), and eutectic tin/lead solder (63% Sn/37% Pb).

Lead Spacing: The distance between adjacent leads in a defined area of a component.

Lead Thickness: In reference to component leads, it is the sum of the thickness of the base metal, plating, and total fabrication tolerances. Lead thickness is a critical element in determining the dimensions and proper clearances in excise and form tooling.

Lead Width: The width of the lead in a defined area of a component.

Lead: A wire that connects two points in a circuit; it is usually self-supporting.

Leaded Device: Electronic devices that have electrical leads extending from the body of the package.

Leadless Device: Electronic devices which do not have electrical leads extending from the body of the package. These packages could have solder bumps or lands located on the package.

Leakage Current: A small amount of current that flows through or across an insulator between two electrodes.

Leg Angle: The angle of the vertical portion of a lead with respect to a plane perpendicular to the plane defined by the bottom of the component.

Leg Length: The part of the component lead between the two bend radii. The leg length is directly related to the overall lead form height.

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Mean time between failure: (see MTBF)

Melting Range: The difference between the solidus and liquidus temperature.

Mesh Porosity: The ratio of the amount of open area in a mesh versus the amount of closed area in a mesh.

Mesh Size: The number of openings per inch in a screen. For example, a 325 mesh screen has 325 openings per inch.

Metal Composition: The composition of metals in an alloy that go into solder paste.

Metal Content: The percentage weight of the solder alloy powder in solder paste.

Metal-Core Boards: Boards built with a metallic core and an organic or inorganic insulation on either sides of the core. The core could be made of steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, or a laminate of metals (in most cases copper invar copper or copper tungsten copper). The insulation of the core is done prior to metallization.

Metering Rolls : Successive rollers used to control the fabric to resin ratio during the impregnation of resin onto glass fabric.

Micron: One millionth of a meter, and another term for micrometer. An easy conversion scheme is to remember that 25.4 microns=0.0254mm=0.001"=1 mil=1,000 microinches. With this formula memorized, it is simple to translate between inch and metric references.

Microstructure of Material: Atomic structure of a material. In bonding applications, refers to the effect of atomic structure on material behavior during various steps in the excise, form, and bonding processes.

Misalignment: Misregistration of the centerline of the component lead with respect to the centerline of the bonding pad on the substrate.

Misregistration: The lack of adequate dimensional conformity between two or more patterns or features. Examples include misregistration of a board with respect to a stencil or the misaligment between layers of a printed circuit board.

Mold Flash: Plastic debris remaining on a plastic molded package after the component manufacturing process. This can occur on molded carrier ring (MCR) and plastic quad pack (PQFP) components.

Molded Carrier Ring (MCR) Component: A packaging technique for ICs that utilizes a plastic molded body and guard ring. MCR were developed to reduce damage to leaded surface mount packages caused by normal handling. The guard ring also acts as a common form factor for the development of automation such as test, burn in, and excise and form.

MTBF: The statistical mean average time interval, usually in hours, that may be expected between failures of an operating unit. Results should be designated actual, predicted or calculated.

Multichip Module: A module capable of supporting several ICs in a single package. Typically, multichip modules are based on ceramic, contain high performance ICs with high pin count, and use some form of advanced interconnect technology such as TAB, COB, or C-4. The parameters used to define a multichip module are vague, but one basic criterion is a package that is no less that 20% silicon, has no fewer that 100 I/O on a substrate, and has no fewer that four layers.

Multilayer Board: A PCB that uses more than two layers for conductor routing. Plated via holes are used to connect the internal layers to the outer layers.

Multilayer Ceramic: A stack of alternating metallic and ceramic layers with vias interconnecting them.

Multilayer Substrate: Organic substrates composed of more than one laminate. Cofired multilayer ceramic substrates are also referred to as multilayer substrates.

Multiple Metal Layer Tape: An advanced TAB tape that has more than one conductive layer. This tape design is complex, including ground planes and interconnections between conductive layers, and is only used in select high performance applications.

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Neutralizer: An alkaline chemical added to water to improve its ability to dissolve organic acid flux residues.

Nitto tape: Tape that sliced silicon wafers are placed on prior to dicing.

Nonactivated: A natural or synthetic resin flux without activators.

Nonionic: Refer to "nonpolar."

Nonpolar Solvent: A solvent that is not electrically conductive and will dissolve nonpolar compounds such as hydrocarbons and resins.

Nonpolar: A condition in which a substance does not ionize in water.

Nonwetting: A condition in which molten solder has contacted a surface, but the solder has not adhered to all of the surface, and a portion of the base metal may be exposed. Nonwetting occurs when there is a barrier (intermetallic or oxide) between the two joining surfaces.

 
 
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